> 교육출판 > 비교중국연구 > 논문검색

논문검색

제목
    從危機神學到危機史學: 張灝先生的幽暗意識與超越意識
    From Theology of Crisis to Historiography of Crisis : Mr. Chang Hao's Ideas of Sense of Darkness and Transcendence
저자 丘為君 권호 Vol.4 No.2
언어 중국어 페이지 .39
게재일 2023.07.31 PDF Download
키워드
    張灝，幽暗意識，超越意識，烏托邦主義，軸心時代
    Chang Hao (張灝)，Sense of Darkness (Youanyishi 幽暗意識)，Sense of Transcendence，Utopianism，Axial Age
요약
 張灝先生認為出自基督教教義的幽暗意識，對人生和宇宙中的陰暗力量雖然不認可，但也不逃避。幽暗意識強調社會公義（social justice）在公共生活中的必要，但是它對西方現代的功利主義和道德唯我論（ethical egoism），在價值觀上迥異其趣的。後者在價值上接受人的私慾和私利，並且以此為前提去思考個人與社會的問題。而幽暗意識則是批判這種世界觀，並尋求去防堵、疏導，與化彌。換言之，幽暗意識認識到陰暗力量與生俱來，但不能合理化它。在現實人生裡，要提防它，批判它，與反省它。當代新儒家曾經從「憂患意識」去思考民主這個問題。 但是憂患意識在本質上不是一種宗教意識，而是人文意識。在宗教意識裡，人透過政治社會現實的反射，而暴露出自我的本質是由永無止境的慾望所構造的。這種明顯的缺陷性，以及與之相伴而來的脆弱性，適與無所不能但又慈愛的神，成強烈的對比。對照憂患意識，張灝先生的「幽暗意識」理論雖然納入了新儒家的憂患意識精神，但其精義主要是從西方的基督教傳統或者更精確地說，是從基督教危機神學中推衍出來的，並企圖跟中國傳統（尤其是宋明理學傳統）裡的苦行理論（asceticism）——即天理人欲二元論述，來相連接。 就這點而言，張灝先生的幽暗意識其實是具有非常濃郁的基督宗教特徵，尤其是在基督教的原罪（sin）傳統裡面。
Abstract Mr. Chang Hao believes that the sense of darkness （youanyishi幽暗意識） derived from Christian doctrine, while not acknowledging the dark forces in life and the universe, does not evade them either. The sense of darkness emphasizes the necessity of social justice in public life, but it differs significantly in values from Western modern utilitarianism and ethical egoism. The latter accepts human desires and self-interest as the basis for considering personal and social issues. In contrast, the sense of darkness criticizes this worldview and seeks to prevent, guide, and transform it. In other words, the sense of darkness recognizes the inherent dark forces but cannot rationalize them. In real life, one must be wary of them, criticize them, and reflect upon them. Contemporary Neo-Confucians have previously examined the issue of democracy through a "sense of impending danger" (youhuanyishi 憂患意識) . However, the sense of impending danger is fundamentally a humanistic consciousness rather than a religious one. In religious consciousness, individuals, through the reflection of political and social reality, expose the essence of the self constructed by endless desires. This evident flaw, along with the accompanying vulnerability, stands in strong contrast to the God who is omnipotent yet loving. In comparison to the sense of impending danger, Mr. Chang Hao's theory of "sense of darkness" incorporates the spirit of the Neo-Confucian sense of impending danger, but its essence primarily derives from Western Christian tradition, or more precisely, from the theology of crisis within Christianity, and attempts to connect with the asceticism theory in Chinese tradition (particularly the Sung-Ming Confucian tradition), which posits a dualism between natural principles and human desires. In this regard, Mr. Chang Hao's sense of darkness actually exhibits very strong characteristics of Christian religion, particularly within the tradition of original sin.