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    논문4: 张子康 「明清时代通事制度之变迁」
    ZHANG Zikang, The Transformation of the Interpreter System During the Ming and the Qing Dynasties
저자 张子康 권호 Vol.3 No.1
언어 중국어 페이지 35
게재일 2022.01.31 PDF Download
키워드
    明清时代、通事、中琉关系、中日关系、朝贡关系、市舶司
    Ming and Qing dynasties, Interpreter, Tributary Relation, Shi-Bo-si, Sino-Ryukyuan Relation, Sino-Japanese Relation
요약
 明清时代东亚地区的国际关系中，“通事”在操不同语言的人群接触时充当中介者，其职能不可或缺。因中国方面史料的缺乏，对于明清时期中国通事的先行研究，偏重于对明初中央通事或清代广东通事的个别研究，而往往忽略对中国与非西方国家之间通事的研究，缺乏从宏观、长期的角度对明清两代通事制度进行探讨。本文通过利用琉球、日本等朝贡国的史料，尝试从朝贡国的角度阐明明清两代通事制度的变迁以及其意义，从而弥补先行研究的不足之处。第一章探讨明代中央通事制度的变迁，描述其从明初的鼎盛到明后期衰落的具体过程，并通过探讨明代朝贡制度的整体趋势来分析其原因。第二章以琉球、日本为例，证明在明代后期嘉靖年间，接待各朝贡国的浙江、福建等市舶司中成立了市舶司通事，担任接待朝贡国使节的各类任务。市舶司通事在明代后期与中央通事共存，到清代最终取代了中央通事。通过以上论证，可知通事制度的变迁与时代变化密切相关，反映了明清两朝对外关系的不同立场。笔者亦希望通过本文的阐述表明，对通事制度的分析在对明清两朝对外关系的研究中十分重要。
Abstract In the international relations of East Asia during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the role of the "Tong-shi", or interpreter, was indispensable as a mediator between people of different backgrounds. However, due to the lack of historical records, the previous studies regarding Chinese interpreters in the Ming and Qing dynasties have covered only a limited range of subjects, such as the central interpreters in the early Ming dynasty or Canton interpreters who dealt with the western countries in the Qing dynasty. The previous studies neglected the roles of interpreters between China and non-Western countries as well as lacked a macro perspective on the interpreter system in the Ming and Qing dynasties. This paper, using materials from Ryukyu and Japan, attempts to trace the gradual transformation of the interpreter system in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and to clarify the reasons behind that transformation. The first chapter discusses the transformations of the central interpreter system in the Ming dynasty, describing the specific process from its heyday in the early Ming dynasty to its decline in the late Ming dynasty, and analyzes its causes by exploring the overall trend of the Ming tributary system. The second chapter takes Ryukyu and Japan as examples to prove that in the late Ming Dynasty, during the Jiajing period, regional interpreters were established to perform various tasks under Shi Bo Si, the regional department of foreign trade which also received the envoys from tributary countries. The regional interpreters coexisted with the central interpreters in the late Ming period, and finally replaced the central interpreters in the Qing Dynasty. Through the above analyses, this paper shows that the transformation of the interpreter system is closely related to the general changes in international relations surrounding China, and reflects the different positions of the Ming and Qing dynasties regarding foreign relations. The author also hopes to show through this paper that the analysis of the interpreter system is very important in the study of foreign relations of the Ming and Qing dynasties.